Awsome Anand

Sunday, 17 August 2014

KU 5TH SEM PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS for new batch

Set 1

//1. Open an Image. And separate background using selection tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image ->click open
Step 4: click on magic wand tool from tool menu
Step 5: select on background of the image using magic wand tool
Step 6: press delete on keyboard
Step 7: go to file menu -> save as
Step 8: select JPEG format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Write a JSP page to display the number of hits to this page. (Hint: use application scope of java bean).
<%@ page session="false" %>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Page Counter Using URL Rewriting</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H3>Page Counter Using URL Rewriting</H3>
<%
int count = 0;
String parm = request.getParameter("count");
if (parm != null)
count = Integer.parseInt(parm);
if (count == 0) {
%> This is the first time you have accessed this page. <%
}
else if (count == 1) {
%> You have accessed the page once before.<%
}
else {
%> You have accessed the page <%= count %> times before.<%
}
%>
<P> Click
<A HREF="urlrewriting.jsp?count=<%=count + 1 %>"
>here</A> to visit the page again.
</BODY>
</HTML>

Set 2

//1. Using pencil tool create an image of landscape, and color it with Brush tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: click file menu -> new -> select size -> press OK
Step 3: in dialog box, click on preset -> select landscape in size box -> press OK
Step 4: click on pencil tool in tool menu
Step 5: draw an image in landscape using pencil tool
Step 6: right click on pencil tool and select brush tool
Step 7: using brush tool, fill the color in landscape image
Step 8: go to file menu -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. Create a login JSP page with username, password and submit button.
b. On submit, display message ‘Thank you for logging in’ also create cookies to store username and password.
c. Open login JSP page on a new browser. If the cookie is present the username and password field should be automatically populated with the values from the cookie.
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<form action="next.jsp" method="post">
Please Enter Your Detials !<br>
First Name <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last Name <input type="text" name="lastname"><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>

Next.jsp
<%@page contentType="text/html"%>
<%@page pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>JSP Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
String firstname=request.getParameter("firstname");
String lastname=request.getParameter("lastname");

out.println("<font color=blue>Welcome</font> "+firstname+" "+lastname+" Thank you for loging in!");
%>
</body>
</html>

Set 3

//1. Write a JSP program to display current date and time and suitable welcome message.
a. If time is between 5AM and 12 PM display welcome message as ‘Good Morning’
b. If time is between 12 PM and 5 PM display welcome message as ‘Good Afternoon’
c. After 5PM display message as ‘Good evening’.
<%@page language="java"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
<% java.util.Date d=new java.util.Date();
int time=d.getHours();
if(time>5 && time<12)
out.println("\n Good Morning !");
esle if(time>12 && time<17)
out.println("\n Good Afternoon !");
else if(time>17)
out.println("\n Good Evening !");
%>
</h1>
current time is :<%=d.getHours()%>:<%=d.getMinutes()%>
</body>
</html>

//2. Using Rubberstamp tool, create a clone image
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image -> click open
Step 4: select rubberstamp tool from tool menu
Step 5: press ALT then left click on image to begin
Step 6: click on the image and drag where you want to make clone of that image
Step 7: go to file -> save as
Step 8: select JPEG format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 4

//1. Using Gradient tool, create some backgrounds for photos.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> press ok
Step 3: select gradient tool from tool menu
Step 4: choose gradient (linear/ radial/ angle/ diamond) from option toolbar
Step 5: press left click on mouse then drag on image to create gradient
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. .Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. A combo box containing the list of 7 colors: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
b. Depending upon the color selected from the above combo box, the message in the status bar of the window must be reflect the value selected in the combo box (hint: on change event of the combo box).
<html>
<head>
<title>Showing Message in Status Bar</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language="JavaScript">
functionfn()
{
num=document.frm.vibgyor.selectedIndex;
if(num==0)
{
window.status="You have selected Violet.";
}
if(num==1)
{
window.status="You have selected Indigo.";
}
if(num==2)
{
window.status="You have selected Blue.";
}
if(num==3)
{
window.status="You have selected Green.";
}
if(num==4)
{
window.status="You have selected Yellow.";
}
if(num==5)
{
window.status="You have selected Orange.";
}
if(num==6)
{
window.status="You have selected Red.";
}
}
</script>
<form name="frm">
<select name="vibgyor" onChange=fn()><option>Violet</option>
<option>Indigo</option>
<option>Blue</option>
<option>Green</option>
<option>Yellow</option>
<option>Orang</option>
<option>Red</option>
</select>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Set 5

//1. Create an HTML page containing the following features
a. A combo box containing the list of 7 colors: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red
b. An empty 1X1 table with default background color: White
c. Depending upon the color selected from the above combo box, the background of the table must be changed accordingly. (hint: on change event of the combo box).
<html>
<head>
<title>
Changing Table Color by selecting color from the ComboBox
</title>
</head>
<body>
<script language= "JavaScript">
functionfn()
{
num=document.frm.vibgyor.selectedIndex;
if(num==0) {
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Violet";
}
if(num==1)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Indigo";
}
if(num==2) {
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Blue";
}
if(num==3)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Green";
}
if(num==4)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Yellow";
}
if(num==5)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Orange";
} if(num==6)
{
document.getElementById("tab").bgColor="Red";
}
}
</script>
<form name="frm">
<select name="vibgyor" onChange=fn()>
<option>Violet</option>
<option>Indigo</option>
<option>Blue</option>
<option>Green</option>
<option>Yellow</option>
<option>Orange</option>
<option>Red</option>
</select><br><br><br><br>
<table id="tab" border="1">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Registration Number</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>priyanka rani</td>
<td>072B5725</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

//2. Import a ‘JPEG’ format image and save it as a ‘PSD’ image, using layer options
Decrease the opacity of image.
Tips: Ctrl + Shift + S = ‘save as’ window
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select a JPEG image -> click open
Step 4: go to layer -> new -> click on ‘layer from background’
Step 5: enter layer name in dialog box -> press OK
Step 6: press F7 then decrease opacity
Step 7: go to file -> save as
Step 8: select PSD format
Step 9: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 6

//1. Open a PORTRAIT image, convert it into grayscale. Now color the image Using COLOR BALANCE, LEVELS and CURVES
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select a portrait JPEG image ->click open
Step 4: go to image -> mode -> click on Grayscale
Step 5: click “discard” in message box
Step 6: go to image -> adjustments -> image -> click on ‘curves’
Step 7: adjust curves -> press OK
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Write a HTML page containing an HTML form to capture the following properties from the user:
a. Name (text box)
b. Address (text area)
c. Phone (text box)

Write javascript functions
a. to validate Name to contain only alphabets and of maximum length should be 25 ; Show appropriate messages on failure
b. to validate Address field to contain maximum length of 200 characters; Show appropriate on failure and focus the ‘Address’ field text area
c. to validate phone number to contain only numeric data; show appropriate messages on failure
<html>
<head>
<title>
HTML form
</title>
<Script language="javaScript">

function f()
{
var name=document.f1.Name.value;
var phone=document.f1.Phone.value;
var address=document.f1.Address.value;

if(name.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter name");
name.focus();
return;
}
if (name.length> 25)
{
alert("Name Field cannot contain more than 25 characters");
name.focus();
return;
}
if (!isNaN(name))
{
alert("Name field must be filled with only Alphabets");
name.focus();
return;
}

if(phone.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter phone numbar");
phone.focus();
return;
}
if (isNaN(phone))
{
alert("Phone Number must be numeric");
phone.focus();
return;
}

if(address.length=="")
{
alert("Please enter address");
address.focus();
return;
}
if (address.length> 200)
{
alert("Address Field can contain maximum of 200 character");
}
}

</script>
</head>
<body bgcolor="pink">
<marquee><h1 align="center">A Sample FORM </h1></marquee>
<form name=f1>
Name:      <input type=textbox name="Name"><br>
Phone:      <input type=textbox name="Phone"><br>
Address:  <textarea rows="5" cols="50" name="Address"></textarea><BR>
<input type=Button name=''Button" value ="Submit" onclick=f()>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Set 7

//1. Create two HTML pages
a. First page with the following features
i. An image(logo) with a company name as the heading in the top center
ii. This page containing an HTML form, two text boxes to get First Name, Second Name of the user
iii. A submit button to the submit the data to the next page
b. The Second page receives the data submitted by the First Page, displays the following message
Welcome <Last Name>, <First Name>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<center><img src="NIITLogo.jpg"></center>
<center>
<form action="ToShowDataToAnotherPage" method="post">
Please Enter Your Detials !<br>
First Name <input type="text" name="firstname"><br>
Last Name <input type="text" name="lastname"><br>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>
ToShowDataToAnotherPage servlet
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
importjavax.servlet.*;
importjavax.servlet.http.*;

public class ToShowDataToAnotherPage extends HttpServlet {

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throwsServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();

String firstname=request.getParameter("firstname");
String lastname=request.getParameter("lastname");

out.println("<font color=blue>Welcome</font> "+firstname+" "+lastname);
}
}

//2. Open a portrait, select the eyeballs using marquee tool, and now change the color of eyes using Hue / saturation.
Tips: Ctrl + U = Hue / saturation
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select image ->click open
Step 4: click on marquee tool from tool menu
Step 5: select eyeball from the image using marquee tool
Step 6: press CTRL+U
Step 7: adjust HUE AND SATURATION from dialog box -> press OK
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 8

//1. Open 3 to 4 images in a same layer. Using filter effects create creative backgrounds for book cover page.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select background size -> press OK
Step 3: go to filter -> noise -> add noise
Step 4: adjust amount in noise dialog box -> press OK
Step 5: go to file menu -> open
Step 6: select 3-4 images -> click open
Step 7: select images, copy and paste them in background one by one
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create a HTML page to display a list of film songs available in the library. The following are features of the page
a. The name of the songs must be hyper linked to the songs, so that the users must be able to download songs.
b. The following is the song database available in the library:
c. Library Name: Hariharan Music Site
Slno Song Name    Film    Artiste
1 PATA-PATA Apthamitra Udith Narayan
2 Kana Kanade Apthamitra Madhubalakrishna
3 Anku Donku Apthamitra S P Balasubramanyam
4 Kalavanu Thadeyoru Apthamitra Hariharan
5 Bombe    Anayya    Unknown
<html>
<head>
<tittle>
Hiriharan Songs Site
</title>
</head>
<body>
<marquee><font color = blue><b>Welcome to Hariharan's Songs Site</b></font></marquee>
<center>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>S.No.</th>
<th>Song Name</th>
<th>Film</th>
<th>Artist</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>1.</td>
<td><a href="song1.html">Patta-Patta</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>Udit Narayan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.</td>
<td><a href="song2.html">Kana Kanede</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>Madhubalakirishna</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3.</td>
<td><a href="song3.html">AnkuDonku</a></td>
<td>Apthamitra</td>
<td>S P Balasupramanniyam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4.</td>
<td><a href="song4.html">Bombay</a></td>
<td>Anaya</td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
</html>

Set 9

//1. Create an HTML page to display the following data using <table></table> tags

First Name Last Name City Phone Number
Shiva Rama Mysore 08212569964
Pratap S   Bangalore 08025689754
Sreenivas G    Mercara       08965445454
<html>
<head>
</head>
<tittle>
Data Table
</title>
<body>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Phone Number</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>Shiva</td>
<td>Rama</td>
<td>Mysore</td>
<td>08212569964</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pratap</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>Bangalore</td>
<td>08025689754</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shrinivas</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Mercara</td>
<td>08965445454</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

//2. Open an image and adjust a level of image.
Tips: Ctrl + L = level
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select an image -> click open
Step 4: go to image -> adjustments -> click on level or press ctrl + l
Step 5: adjust level -> press OK
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 10

//1. Write HTML script to display “Hello World, Welcome to the world of HTML”. Put the title as “World of HTML”
<html>
<head>
</head>
<title>
Welcome to the world of HTML
</title>
<body>
<i>"Hello World</i><b>Welcome to the world of HTML"</b>
</body>
</html>

//2. Change an image size 22 cm x 29 cm to 44 cm x 58 cm. and resolution 72 to 300.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> open
Step 3: select an image with 22 cm x 29 cm size -> click open
Step 4: go to image -> image size
Step 5: change image size to 44 cm x 58 cm size with 100 resolutions -> press OK
Step 6: go to file -> save as
Step 7: select JPEG format
Step 8: enter file name -> click SAVE

Set 11

//1. Create some geometrical shapes, using shape tool.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> press OK
Step 3: click on ‘custom shape tool’ from tool menu
Step 4: click on ‘custom shape picker’ in options toolbar
Step 5: click on smart tag -> select all then click append
Step 6: choose shape from option toolbar
Step 7: left click on background and drag mouse to draw shape
Step 8: go to file -> save as
Step 9: select JPEG format
Step 10: enter file name -> click Save

Set 12

//1. Type text ‘GRADATION’ and apply gradient tool on text.
Step 1: run Photoshop
Step 2: go to file menu -> new -> select size -> click OK
Step 3: click on text from tool menu
Step 4: type text “GRADATION”
Step 5: click on layer from layer property
Step 6: right click on selected layer and click on ‘blending options’
Step 7: click and check on ‘gradient overlay’
Step 8: adjust gradient or change angle to 0o -> then press OK
Step 9: go to file menu -> save as
Step 10: select JPEG format
Step 11: enter file name -> click SAVE

//2. Create an HTML page to display the following data using <table></table> tags
First Name Last Name City Phone Number
Shiva Rama Mysore 08212569964
Pratap S   Bangalore 08025689754
Sreenivas    G Mercara    08965445454
<html>
<head>
</head>
<tittle>
Data Table
</title>
<body>
<table border=1>
<tr>
<th>First Name</th>
<th>Last Name</th>
<th>City</th>
<th>Phone Number</th>
<tr>
<tr>
<td>Shiva</td>
<td>Rama</td>
<td>Mysore</td>
<td>08212569964</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pratap</td>
<td>S</td>
<td>Bangalore</td>
<td>08025689754</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Shrinivas</td>
<td>G</td>
<td>Mercara</td>
<td>08965445454</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Set 13

//1. Write C Program to create Indian Flag.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
const float PI=3.14154;
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode=0;
int I;
Int x,y;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
cleardevice();
rectangle(0,0,639,479);
outtextxy(250,20,"INDIAN FLAG");
rectangle(80,50,560,380);
line(80,160,560,160);
line(80,270,560,270);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,LIGHTRED);
floodfill(85,60,getmaxcolor());
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,WHITE);
floodfill(85,170,getmaxcolor());
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);
floodfill(85,280,getmaxcolor());
setcolor(BLUE);
circle(320,215,50);
for(I=0;I<=360;I+=15)
{
x=50*cos(I*PI/180);
y=50*sin(I*PI/180);
line(320,215,320+x,215-y);
}
setcolor(CYAN);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,6);
outtextxy(200,400," JAI HIND!!!" ) ;
getch();
}

//2. Write C Program to create FISH structure using basic geometric Functions.
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>

void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,i,j,p,q,x,y,k,flag;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
y=getmaxy()/2;
i=0;
p=0;
q=0;
j=0;
flag=0;
setcolor(WHITE);
for(k=0;k<500;k++)
putpixel(random(620),random(419),15);
while(!kbhit())
{
line(0+i,y+20,0+i,y-20); /*triangle*/
line(0+i,y+20,20+i,y);
line(0+i,y-20,20+i,y);

ellipse(80+i,y,10-p,350+p,60,25);
line(140+i,y+3,130+i,y+8);
line(130+i,y+8,140+i,y-5);

if(flag==0)
p=p+2;
if(flag==1)
p=p-2;

circle(120+i,y-6,5);

line(60+i,y-25,30+i,y-45+j);
line(30+i,y-45+j,100+i,y-25);
line(60+i,y+25,30+i,y+45+q);
line(30+i,y+45+q,100+i,y+25);
i=i+3;
if(i>=638)
i=0;

if(flag==0)
j=j-2,q=q+2;

if(flag==1)
j=j+2,q=q-2;

if(j<=-10)
flag=1;
else if(j>=0)
flag=0;

delay(10);
cleardevice();
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

Set 14

//1. Write Open GL Program to create a Window and display HELLO inside.
#include<GL/glut.h>
void display(void)
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(1.0,1.0,1.0);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(0.25,0.25,0.25);
glVertex3f(0.75,0.25,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.75,0.75,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.25,0.75,0.0);
glEnd();
glFlush();

}

Void init(void)
{
glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
glOrtho(0.0,1.0,0.0,1.0,-1.0,1.0);
}

Int main(int argc,char**argv)
{
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(250,250);
glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
glutCreateWindow(“HELLO”);
init();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

//2. Create a simple static web page for a college (assume necessary information)
<html>
<head>
<title>My College Site</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="gray" text="white" >
<div id="banner" style="width:800px; height:120px; background-color:black">
<img src="file:///C:/banner.gif" width=800 height=120></div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:30px; width:350px; height:75px">
<div><h1><font color="red" face="Monotype corsiva">My College Site</font></h1></div>
</div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; background-color:black; top:135px; width:200px; height:500px">
<ul id="listitem" type="circle">
<li><a href=abc.html target="_self">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="Sitemap.html">Sitemap<a></li>
<li><a href="About.html">About Us<a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="header" style="position:absolute; background-color:black; left:215px; top:135px; width:590px; height:500px">
<h3><font color="red">Online Admission</font></h3>
<form id="frm1">
Enter your name: <input type="text" id="text1" /> <br/><br/>
Gender: <input type="radio" id="gender1" name="gend" />Male <input type="radio" id="gender1" name="gend" />Female <br/><br/>
Qualification: Matric<input type="checkbox" id="check1" /> Enter<input type="checkbox" id="check1" /><br/><br/>
<input type="reset" value="Reset" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" post="" /><br/><br/>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

KU 5TH SEM ASSIGNMENT - BSIT (TB) - 51 GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA

Assignment: TB (Compulsory)

1. What is the need for computer graphics?Computers have become a powerful tool for the rapid and economical production of pictures. Computer Graphics remains one of the most exciting and rapidly growing fields. Old Chinese saying “ One picture is worth of thousand words” can be modified in this computer era into “ One picture is worth of many kilobytes of data”. It is natural to expect that graphical communication, which is an older and more popular method of exchanging information than verbal communication, will often be more convenient when computers are utilized for this purpose. This is true because one must represent objects in two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. Computer Graphics has revolutionized almost every computer-based application in science and technology.

2. What is graphics processor? Why it is needed?To provide visual interface, additional processing capability is to be provided to the existing CPU. The solution is to provide dedicated graphic processor. This helps in managing the screen faster with an equivalent software algorithm executed on the CPU and certain amount of parallelism can be achieved for completing the graphic command. Several manufacturers of personal computers use a proprietary graphic processor. For example, Intel 82786 is essentially a line drawing processor; Texas Instruments 43010 is a high performance general-purpose processor.

3. What is a pixel?
Pixel (picture element): Pixel may be defined as the smallest size object or color spot that can be displayed and addressed on a monitor. Any image that is displayed on the monitor is made up of thousands of such small pixels. The closely spaced pixels divide the image area into a compact and uniform two-dimensional grid of pixel lines and columns.

4. Why C language is popular for graphics programming?
Turbo C++ is for C++ and C programmers. It is also compatible with ANSI C standard and fully
supports Kernighan and Ritchie definitions. It includes C++ class libraries, mouse support, multiple overlapping windows, Multi file editor, hypertext help, far objects and error analysis. Turbo C++ comes with a complete set of graphics functions to facilitate preparation of charts and diagrams. It supports the same graphics adapters as turbo Pascal. The Graphics library consists of over 70 graphics functions ranging from high level support like facility to set view port, draw 3-D bar charts, draw polygons to bitoriented functions like get image and put image. The graphics library supports numerous objects, line styles and provides several text fonts to enable one to justify and orient text, horizontally and vertically. It may be noted that graphics functions use far pointers and it is not supported in the tiny memory model.

5. Define resolution.

Resolution: Image resolution refers as the pixel spacing i.e. the distance from one pixel to the next pixel. A typical PC monitor displays screen images with a resolution somewhere between 25 pixels per inch and 80 pixels per inch. Pixel is the smallest element of a displayed image, and dots (red, green and blue) are the smallest elements of a display surface (monitor screen). The dot pitch is the measure of screen resolution. The smaller the dot pitch, the higher the resolution, sharpness and detail of the image displayed.

6. Define aspect ratio.

Aspect ratio: The aspect ratio of the image is the ratio of the number of X pixels to the number of Y pixels. The standard aspect ratio PCs is 4:3, and some use 5:4. Monitors are calibrated to this standard so that when you draw a circle it appears to be a circle and not an ellipse.

7. Why refreshing is required in CRT?

When the electron beam strikes a dot of phosphor material, it glows for a fraction of a second and then fades. As brightness of the dots begins to reduce, the screen-image becomes unstable and gradually fades out. In order to maintain a stable image, the electron beam must sweep the entire surface of the screen and then return to redraw it number of times per second. This process is called refreshing the screen. If the electron beam takes too long to return and redraw a pixel, the pixel begins to fade results in flicker in the image. In order to avoid flicker the screen image must be redrawn sufficiently quickly that the eye cannot tell that refresh is going on. The refresh rate is the number of times per second that the screen is refreshed. Some monitor uses a technique called interlacing for refreshing every line of the screen. In the first pass, odd-numbered lines are refreshed, and in the second pass, even –numbered lines are refreshed. This allows the refresh rate to be doubled because only half the screen is redrawn at a time.

8. Name the different positioning devices.

The devices discussed so far, the mouse, the tablet, the joystick are called “positioning devices”. They are able to position the curser at any point on the screen. (We can operate at that point or the chain of points) Often, one needs devices that can “point” to a given position on the screen. This becomes essential when a diagram is already there on the screen, but some changes are to be made. So, instead of trying to know its coordinates, it is advisable to simply “point” to that portion of the picture and asks for changes. The simplest of such devices is the “light pen”. Its principle is extremely simple.

9. What are pointing devices?

A pointing device is an input interface (specifically a human interface device) that allows a user to input spatial (i.e., continuous and multi-dimensional) data to a computer. CAD systems and graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data to the computer using physical gestures — point, click, and drag — for example, by moving a hand-held mouse across the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on the mouse. Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of the pointer (or cursor) and other visual changes.

10. What is multimedia?

The word ‘Multimedia’ seems to be everywhere nowadays. The word multimedia is a compound

of the Latin prefix ‘multi’ meaning many, and the Latin-derived work ‘media’, which is the plural

of the world medium. So multimedia simply means ‘using more than one kind of medium’.

Multimedia is the mixture of two or more media effects-Hypertext, Still Images, sound, Animation and Video to be interacted on a computer terminal.

11. What are sound cards?

Sound cards: The first sound blaster was an 8-bit card with 22 KHz sampling, besides being equipped with a number of drives and utilities. This became a king of model for the other sound cards. Next came the Sound Blaster Pro, again 8-bit sound but with a higher sampling rate of 44 KHz, which supports a wider frequency range. Then there was Yamaha OPL3 chipset with more voices. Another development was built-in CD ROM interface through which huge files could be played directly via the sound card.

12. What is sampling?

Sampling: Sampling is like breaking a sound into tiny piece and storing each piece as a small, digital sample of sound. The rate at which a sound is “Sampled” can affect its quality. The higher the sampling rate (the more pieces of sound that are stored) the better the quality of sound. Higher quality of sound will occupy a lot of space in hard disk because of more samples.

13. What is morphing?

Morphing: The best example would be the Kawasaki advertisement, where the motorbike changes into a cheetah, the muscle of MRF to a real muscle etc.. Morphing is making an image change into another by identifying key points so that the key point’s displacement, etc. are taken into consideration for the change.

14. What is rendering?

Rendering: The process of converting your designed objects with texturing and animation into an image or a series of images is called rendering. Here various parameters are available like resolution, colors type of render, etc.

15. What is warping?

Warping: Certain parts of the image could be marked for a change and made to change to different one. For examples, the eyes of the owl had to morph into the eyes of cat, the eyes can alone be marked and warped.

16. Why we use scanner?

Photographs, illustrations, and paintings continue to be made the old fashioned way, even by visual artists who are otherwise immersed in digital imaging technology. Traditional photographs, illustrations, and paintings are easily imported into computers through the use of a device called a scanner.

A Scanner “scans’” over an image such as photo, drawing, logo, etc, converting it into an image and it can be seen on the screen. Using a good paint programme, Image Editor we can do adding, removing colors, filtering, Masking color etc.

17. What is ganut in Photoshop?

Write yourself...

18. What is a layer?

The concept of layering is similar to that of compositing as we make the different layers by keying out the uniform color and making it transparent so that layer beneath becomes visible. In case of future modifications we will be able to work with individual layers and need not work with the image as a whole.

19. What are editing tools? Why it is needed?
You can use the editing tools to draw on a layer, and you can copy and paste selections to a layer.

Many types of editing tools are:-

i).Eraser tool: The eraser tool changes pixels in the image as you drag through them. You can choose to change the color and transparency of the affected pixels, or to revert the affected area to its previously saved version.

ii).Smudge tool: The smudge tool simulates the actions of dragging a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color from where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction in which you drag.

20. What is file format?

File Format: When you create an image-either through scanning into your computer or drawing it from scratch on your monitor or captured through a camera, recorded voice or music from the two-in-one or recorded connecting a music instrument it must be saved to your disk. Otherwise it would become an ethereal artifact that could never again be seen or listened. Once the computer’s power is turned off, it’s gone forever unless it is saved. The method by which the software organizes the data in the saved file is called the file format.Assignment: TB (Compulsory)